Dogs are naturally curious animals. They explore the world using their noses and mouths, which sometimes leads them to pick up and chew unusual items. However, when a dog consistently eats non-food items—such as stones, plastic, soil, fabric, or paper—it may be a condition called pica.
Pica can be dangerous because non-food items can cause internal blockages, poisoning, or dental injuries. Knowing what triggers pica and the best ways to address it can play a big role in protecting your dog’s health and well-being. This article breaks down what pica is, the common causes, signs to look out for, and practical methods to manage and treat the condition effectively.
What Is Pica in Dogs?
Pica is a behavioral or medical condition where dogs crave and ingest non-edible objects. While many dogs occasionally chew on strange things out of boredom, pica involves the regular and purposeful consumption of such items.
Common objects dogs with pica may swallow include:
- Rocks and pebbles
- Soil or sand
- Plastic bags, wrappers, or bottles
- Cloth, socks, or towels
- Paper, cardboard, and tissues
- Wood, sticks, or furniture pieces
- Metal objects or keys
If left untreated, pica can lead to serious health issues, including intestinal blockage, internal injuries, or toxic reactions, depending on what your dog swallows.
Why Do Dogs Develop Pica? Common Causes
Both behavioral and medical reasons can trigger pica. Pinpointing the underlying reason is crucial for managing the condition successfully.
1. Nutritional Deficiencies
Dogs may eat non-food items when their diet lacks essential nutrients, such as:
- Iron
- Zinc
- Vitamins
- Minerals
Poor-quality diets, digestive issues that prevent nutrient absorption, or sudden diet changes can also contribute.
2. Digestive or Metabolic Disorders
Some medical conditions interfere with how the body processes nutrients, food, and hormones, including:
- Diabetes
- Thyroid disorders
- Liver disease
- Gastrointestinal diseases
- Parasite infections
Dogs with these issues may experience abnormal appetites.
3. Boredom and Lack of Stimulation
Dogs left alone for long periods, or those without enough physical and mental activity, may develop destructive or unusual eating habits to entertain themselves.
4. Anxiety or Stress
Stress-related pica is common and can be triggered by:
- Separation anxiety
- Changes in routine
- Moving homes
- Loud noises
- New pets or family members
Dogs may swallow objects as a coping mechanism.
5. Learned Behavior
If chewing non-food items gets a reaction—attention, play, or even punishment—some dogs may repeat the behavior. Puppies especially experiment and may accidentally swallow items.
6. Breed Characteristics
Some breeds, particularly working breeds or high-energy dogs, may be more prone to pica if their mental needs aren’t met.
Symptoms of Pica in Dogs
Pica is usually noticeable because of the unusual eating behavior, but other symptoms may appear, especially if the dog swallows harmful objects.
Watch for:
- Persistent chewing and swallowing of non-food items
- Vomiting
- Diarrhea or constipation
- Loss of appetite
- Lethargy
- Signs of abdominal pain
- Excessive drooling
- Behavioural changes
If you ever suspect your dog has swallowed something dangerous—especially sharp or large objects—contact your vet immediately.
How Can Pica Affect Your Dog’s Health?
Pica is not just a behavioural issue; it can lead to serious health risks:
- Choking hazards
- Blocked intestines, requiring emergency surgery
- Poisoning, depending on what is ingested
- Internal injuries or bleeding from sharp objects
- Dental damage from chewing hard materials
Identifying the issue early and starting treatment promptly can help prevent serious and expensive health problems.
How to Diagnose Pica in Dogs
Your veterinarian will assess your dog’s condition and might suggest the following steps:
- Full physical exam
- Blood tests to check for deficiencies or diseases
- Urine tests
- Stool tests for parasites
- X-rays or ultrasounds to detect blockages
This helps determine whether a medical condition or behavioural factors cause pica.
How to Treat Pica in Dogs
Effective treatment depends on the underlying cause. Here are several approaches your vet may recommend:
1. Treating Underlying Medical Conditions
If pica is caused by digestive issues, nutrient deficiencies, hormonal problems, or diseases, treating the medical condition usually reduces the behaviour.
This may include:
- Deworming
- Improving nutrient absorption
- Managing diabetes or thyroid disorders
- Adjusting diet or supplements
2. Improving Your Dog’s Diet
Sometimes a simple change to a balanced, high-quality diet can resolve the issue. Your vet may recommend:
- Switching to a complete and nutrient-rich dog food
- Adding vitamins or mineral supplements
- Increasing fibre to help your dog feel full
3. Increasing Mental and Physical Stimulation
Boredom is one of the most common behavioural triggers of pica. Try providing:
- Daily walks or runs
- Puzzle toys
- Treat-dispensing toys
- Training sessions
- Chew toys designed for safe chewing
A tired and engaged dog is less likely to eat inappropriate items.
4. Managing Anxiety and Stress
If pica is linked to stress, your dog may benefit from:
- Behavioural training
- Consistent routines
- Calming aids recommended by your vet
- More companionship and attention
- Anxiety-reducing toys
In severe cases, your vet may suggest medication.
5. Removing Access to Dangerous Objects
Prevention is essential. Keep unsafe items out of your dog’s reach:
- Use covered bins
- Store laundry behind closed doors
- Keep small objects off the floor
- Supervise your dog during playtime
- Use crates or gates when unsupervised
6. Positive Reinforcement Training
Reward your dog when they leave non-food items alone. Basic commands such as “Leave it” or “Drop it” are helpful for safely managing pica.
When to See a Vet Immediately
Seek urgent veterinary care if your dog:
- Vomits repeatedly
- Has difficulty passing stool
- Looks bloated or in pain
- Shows signs of choking
- Becomes unusually tired
- Stops eating
These may indicate a blockage or poisoning.
Final Thoughts
Pica in dogs can be worrying, but with the right approach, it is manageable. Early diagnosis, training, a balanced diet, and providing proper stimulation can help your dog break the habit of eating non-food items.
If you ever feel unsure or notice symptoms, always consult your vet. A little attention now can prevent serious health problems later and help your dog enjoy a safe, healthy, and happy life.
