The liver plays a critical role in maintaining life by performing essential functions, such as producing the blood protein albumin, generating bile for digestion, and processing medications and chemicals that enter the body. When toxins affect the liver, they can lead to severe damage, which may be fatal.
Hepatotoxins, also known as liver toxins, are drugs, chemicals, and various harmful substances that can cause damage to the liver. While certain medications are known to cause liver issues, the extent of the damage can vary in cats. This depends on factors such as any existing liver conditions and how the cat's body processes the toxic substances.
Symptoms Of Liver Toxins In Cats
The severity of symptoms can vary from mild to severe, depending on the cat's age, breed, and overall health. Common signs include:
- Loss of appetite
- Abdominal swelling due to fluid buildup
- Diarrhea
- Small purple or red spots on the skin (petechia)
- Weakness
- Coma
- Yellowing of the ears, eyes, and mucous membranes (jaundice)
- Bleeding
- Larger bruise-like areas that appear blue or purple (ecchymosis)
- Vomiting
- Lethargy
Cause Of Liver Toxins In Cats
Ingesting or inhaling drugs and toxic chemicals can harm a cat's liver. Common medications known to cause liver damage include phenobarbital, primidone, phenytoin, danazol, lomustine, anabolic steroids, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Additionally, substances like Amanita mushrooms, blue-green algae, and Sago palm cycasin are also harmful to outdoor cats. While cats of all ages can experience liver damage from toxins, younger cats are at higher risk due to their underdeveloped liver function and metabolism.
Diagnosis Of Liver Toxins In Cats
To properly identify the liver toxins affecting your cat, it's important to provide the veterinarian with a list of all medications your cat is taking. The vet will also need information on your cat's medical history, any past liver conditions when symptoms first appeared, the symptoms themselves, and any potential exposure to toxic substances.
During the examination, the vet will examine for signs of jaundice and abdominal swelling and listen to the cat's heart and lungs. Lab tests, such as a biochemical profile, complete blood count, electrolyte panel, and urinalysis, will be conducted to assess liver injury and other organs impacted by the toxins. Common lab findings include elevated liver enzyme levels, increased creatinine kinase (indicating muscle damage), high albumin levels, and glucose and protein in the urine, which may suggest kidney damage. If liver function related to blood clotting is suspected to be impaired, the vet may also order a clotting test.
Imaging tools like X-rays and ultrasound might be used to detect liver enlargement or damage. To evaluate the extent of liver damage, a liver biopsy could be performed. In this procedure, a small tissue sample from the liver is collected and sent to a lab for further analysis.
Treatment Of Liver Toxins In Cats
Blood Transfusion
A blood transfusion may be required if a cat’s liver is not properly clotting blood. The cat will receive either fresh whole blood or frozen plasma through an IV. In some cases, vitamin K may help restore normal blood clotting and lower the risk of internal bleeding.
Charcoal Therapy and Induced Vomiting
The vet may induce vomiting to reduce the impact of ingested toxins or drugs. This procedure is most effective within 30 minutes to two hours after consuming the substance. Following this, activated charcoal is given orally or as an enema. The charcoal helps absorb the remaining toxins, minimizing their harmful effects on the liver.
Oxygen Therapy
Oxygen may be provided to the cat through a nasal cannula or face mask. Increasing oxygen flow to the liver aids in the liver's healing process.
Fluid Therapy
Cats with liver toxicity often suffer from dehydration due to vomiting and diarrhea. In such cases, intravenous fluids are administered. Throughout the treatment, the veterinarian monitors kidney function to ensure the fluids are properly processed by the cat’s body.
Medications
To prevent secondary infections resulting from liver toxins, veterinarians may prescribe antibiotics.
Recovery Of Liver Toxins In Cats
Cats will require hospitalization and intensive treatment for about three to 10 days, depending on the severity of the liver damage. Afterward, the veterinarian may suggest a special diet to support the cat’s recovery. During this period, keeping the cat in a warm, quiet place, away from other pets and small children, is important to ensure a peaceful recovery. Regular follow-up visits with the vet are recommended to monitor liver enzyme levels and ensure the liver continues to function properly. The outcome for cats that have ingested liver toxins depends on the amount of toxin consumed, the impact on the liver, and how quickly treatment was started.
