Cats are known for being graceful and independent, but just like dogs and humans, they can develop rare health conditions that affect their overall well-being. One such uncommon yet serious condition is Addison’s disease — also known as hypoadrenocorticism. Although it’s more frequently seen in dogs, it can occasionally occur in cats and may lead to severe health complications if left untreated.
In this blog, we’ll help you understand what Addison’s disease in cats is, what signs to look for, and how it can be diagnosed and treated so you can ensure your feline companion lives a healthy and happy life.
What Is Addison’s Disease in Cats?
Addison’s disease occurs when a cat’s adrenal glands, located near the kidneys, fail to produce enough of certain vital hormones — primarily cortisol and aldosterone.
- Cortisol helps the body respond to stress and maintain energy levels.
- Aldosterone regulates sodium, potassium, and water balance, thereby maintaining stable blood pressure.
When these hormones are deficient, the cat’s body struggles to maintain internal balance, leading to various health issues that may appear mild at first but can become life-threatening without proper care.
Causes of Addison’s Disease in Cats
Addison’s disease is relatively rare in cats, but it can occur due to a few key reasons:
Immune-Mediated Destruction
The most common cause is when the cat’s immune system mistakenly attacks the adrenal glands, causing permanent damage.
Infections or Tumors
In rare cases, infections, such as fungal infections or cancer, can cause destruction of adrenal tissue.
Prolonged Use of Steroids
Cats receiving long-term corticosteroid treatment (like prednisone) for other conditions can develop Addison’s disease if the medication is stopped abruptly. This sudden withdrawal may suppress normal adrenal function.
Trauma or Injury
Severe injury or surgery near the kidneys may sometimes damage the adrenal glands, leading to hormone imbalance.
Genetic Factors
Although uncommon, some cats may have a genetic predisposition that affects adrenal gland development or function.
Symptoms of Addison’s Disease in Cats
The symptoms of Addison’s disease can be vague and intermittent, making it difficult to diagnose in the early stages. Pet parents often mistake them for general tiredness or digestive issues.
Common signs include:
- Lethargy or weakness – Your cat may appear tired or less playful than usual.
- Loss of appetite and weight loss – Gradual reduction in eating habits leading to visible weight loss.
- Vomiting or diarrhea – Digestive issues are frequent and may occur repeatedly.
- Dehydration – Due to electrolyte imbalance, your cat may become dehydrated.
- Increased thirst and urination – The body attempts to restore balance by excreting more fluids.
- Low body temperature – Cats with Addison’s disease often have a cooler body temperature than usual.
- Collapse or shock – In severe cases, cats can experience an “Addisonian crisis,” a medical emergency characterized by dangerously low cortisol levels.
If your cat shows several of these symptoms, it’s crucial to consult your veterinarian as soon as possible.
How Is Addison’s Disease Diagnosed in Cats?
Because the symptoms can resemble many other feline illnesses, accurate diagnosis requires thorough testing by a veterinarian.
Typical diagnostic steps include:
Physical Examination
Your veterinarian will check for symptoms of dehydration, a weak pulse, a low heart rate, and stress intolerance.
Blood Tests
Routine bloodwork often reveals low sodium, high potassium, and low glucose levels — a classic sign of Addison’s disease.
ACTH Stimulation Test
This is the most reliable test. It measures the adrenal glands’ ability to produce cortisol before and after an injection of synthetic ACTH. If cortisol levels fail to rise, it confirms the diagnosis of Addison’s disease.
Urinalysis and Imaging
Urine concentration tests and abdominal ultrasound may be used to rule out other causes and assess the size of the adrenal glands.
Treatment for Addison’s Disease in Cats
Once diagnosed, Addison’s disease is manageable with lifelong treatment, and most cats can live normal lives with proper medical care.
1. Emergency Treatment
If your cat is in an Addisonian crisis (collapse, severe dehydration, or shock), immediate hospitalization is necessary. The vet will administer:
- Intravenous (IV) fluids to restore hydration and electrolyte balance.
- Corticosteroids to replace missing hormones.
- Medication to stabilize heart rate and blood pressure.
2. Long-Term Hormone Replacement Therapy
After stabilization, your cat will need ongoing hormone replacement therapy to maintain normal adrenal function.
- Fludrocortisone or Desoxycorticosterone Pivalate (DOCP) is used to replace aldosterone.
- Prednisolone may be prescribed to replace cortisol and help the body handle stress.
Your vet will periodically monitor blood levels to adjust medication doses and ensure your cat’s hormone balance remains stable.
3. Regular Monitoring
Routine bloodwork (every few months) helps confirm the correct balance of sodium and potassium, preventing both under- and over-treatment.
Living With a Cat With Addison’s Disease
Although Addison’s disease is chronic, it’s not necessarily fatal. With proper management and regular veterinary care, your cat can live a long, healthy life.
Here are some tips for ongoing care:
- Never skip or stop medication suddenly. This can trigger a life-threatening Addisonian crisis.
- Make sure that your cat always has access to clean water and a well-balanced, nutritious diet.
- Avoid unnecessary stress, as cats with Addison’s disease are more sensitive to changes in routine.
- Regular veterinary checkups are essential for monitoring hormone levels and adjusting medications as needed.
- Watch for warning signs, such as vomiting, weakness, or loss of appetite, and seek veterinary help immediately.
Prognosis and Prevention
With proper treatment, most cats with Addison’s disease can live whole, active lives. The secret to successful recovery is prompt diagnosis and steady, ongoing medical care.
While there is no guaranteed way to prevent Addison’s disease, maintaining regular veterinary visits, avoiding sudden withdrawal from steroid medications, and addressing infections promptly can help reduce the risk.
Final Thoughts
Addison’s disease in cats may be rare, but awareness can make all the difference. Recognizing early symptoms and seeking timely veterinary care can help your feline friend recover and live comfortably.
If you notice persistent vomiting, weight loss, or unusual lethargy in your cat, don’t ignore the signs — schedule a vet visit right away.
Your prompt action can prevent complications and ensure your pet receives the necessary treatment to stay healthy and happy.
